I discovered a unique means of investigation to prove my theories, especially regarding tornadoes, which I used as a preferred method of observational analysis. A contrail forms when a pressure change forces water to change from its gaseous (invisible) state into its liquid (visible) state. My first awareness of contrails was reading about cloud chambers used by physicists to identify ‘particles’. I then saw a much larger display during the war when very large bombs would first create a pressure wave heating up the surrounding atmosphere nearly instantaneously. The following decompression wave of low pressure created by the inertia of exiting atmosphere which turned the surrounding atmosphere quite white for a fraction of a second. Hell is not red fire it is white fog. A visible white tornado has a wall pressure so low humidity is instantly coalesced into a short-lived fog. Large military ordinance and tornadoes have a lot in common so I repeat my statement about hell and fog.
The common, optional visual indication of a tornado is due to a local pressure drop created by increased air velocity. The increased local atmospheric velocity introduces a pressure drop and subsequent flash of condensation – or a contrail. If you’ve ever noticed a ‘fog’ over the lift side of high performance aircraft’s wing during an extreme maneuver, that is a contrail. If you’ve ever noticed a white trail from the wing on a racing car, that is a contrail. This is different from jet engine contrails, which form as combustion water from jet engines condense or freeze in the stratosphere.
Please remember that you can’t dismiss the presence of a tornado just because a tornado contrail is not visible. Tornadoes are most likely in areas where the humidity is so high the dew point is near ambient temperature all the way up to cloud level. But sometimes tornadoes form and are powered by moisture that is within a few feet of the ground and without any visible contrail. It is common for a tornado to extend all the way to the ground before forming a visible contrail or picking up debris allowing you to see the tornado. I also use the same condensation trail of tornado inflow air to indicate both or either horizontal high air velocity or loss of laminar low-level airflow.
Thanks to modern close-in drone footage one can demonstrate elementary tornado theories easily and inexpensively using available empirical means.
I discuss the concepts of vertical weather and horizontal weather. Local air buoyancy created by gravity creates the former. The same air buoyancy creates the latter through centripetal force due to the earth’s rotation. The former creates tornadoes and hurricane eye walls through vertical air movement. The latter moves hurricanes through eddies of horizontal air movement and instigates tornadoes through inversion of cold and warm air layers.
The author’s theories are novel and therefore require significant explanation to describe. Please read and understand the concepts of vertical and horizontal weather before reading ahead to tornado and hurricane formation
Vertical weather generation involves creating vertical atmospheric movement by increasing ground level atmospheric moisture. Horizontal weather generation involves creating horizontal atmospheric movement by increasing vast areas of high humidity air, which then moves the atmosphere horizontally (tangentially) by centripetal force.
The author developed these theories to understand the two most common forms of tornadoes. One begins in response to localized vertical airflow and the other is in response to horizontal flowing weather fronts. The mechanics of the tornado are the same in both tornado types; the difference is in how they form.
The author discusses each theory separately; then combines the theories in a context where vertical weather and horizontal weather coexist, namely Florida dailies. The author also discusses why tornadoes rarely develop in the Florida peninsula despite having all the mechanisms in place.
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